Impact of Oil Prices and Other Macro Economic Variables on...

1. Abstract The objective of the study is to measure the impact of changing oil prices, and other macro economic variables like consumption, government expenditures and average exchange rates on Gross Domestic Product-GDP in the context of Pakistan’s economy. The study is secondary data based and the observation is 150 with five variables and 30 years of data. The data is taken from World Bank, Inflationdata.com, State Bank of Pakistan, Economic Survey of Pakistan, Federal Reserve Bank of America, Federal Bureau of Statistics Pakistan, Pakistan Development Review, Federal Board of Revenue, OPEC and Euro Journal. First the stationary of the variables were checked by augmented dickey fuller-unit root test and data. All variables were†¦show more content†¦From both points of view this puts additional burden on the next generation who has to return this borrowed money in the future period of time. This is against the principal of sustainable development. So for sustained development- developing today’s world without compromising the needs of the future generations’ government to gradually remove this subsidy to decrease allocative and productive inefficiency. 2. Introduction Economics is the managnment of scarce resources. We live in the world of scarcity and. Where from basic necessity to luxury even the human being is a scarce commodity. So in order to uncertainity use at the optimum level, we have to use the scarce resources as efficient as possible. Crude oil is a scarce commodity in the world. Its Elasticity of demand and supply both are less elastic.Because of demand and supply factors and also because of other intervening variables like cartel, hoarding, supply shocks etc., day by day prices are increasing and causing demand pull as well as cost push inflation. In a country like Pakistan international price hike not only causes imported cost push inflation but also demand pull inflation. Actually Compressed Natural Gas CNG and Liquified Petrolium Gas LPG are very poor susbtitutes of petrol. So as international price increases, this leads to lacal inflation in the economy, leading to fall in the foreign exchange reserves as foreign currency becomes shortShow MoreRelatedThe Interaction Between Crude Oil And China s Gdp2264 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Crude Oil Price and China’s GDP Pinpin Lyu B00648666 06/04/2015 Assignment 10 Prepare for Honours Thesis, Econ 4200 Style: Content: ____________________________ TOTAL: Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between the crude oil price and real GDP per capita in China. I find that both the crude oil price and the real GDP per capitaRead MoreBasic Studies Establishing The Oil Price Economic Growth Relationship2438 Words   |  10 PagesBasic studies establishing the oil price economic growth relationship Hamilton (1983) stated that the correlation between oil price evolution and economic output was not of a historical coincidence for the 1948-72 period. An increasing oil price was followed 3-4 quarters later by slower output growth with a recovery beginning after 6-7 quarters. These results also apply to the period 1973-1980. The negative effect is more distinct in inflationary times. It wouldn’t have been possible to anticipateRead MoreOil Prices and Economic Growth1250 Words   |  5 Pagesexceptional importance of the crude oil in the supply of the worlds energy demands, it has become one of the major indicators of economic activities of the world. 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Particularly, the veryRead MoreShort Run And Long Run Effects1405 Words   |  6 Pagessupply of oil are relatively inelastic because it is difficult for them to make large adjustments to price changes in a short period of time. When oil price rises, oil consumers, such as manufacturing firms and households, may not be able to reduce their demand for oil immediately. For example, individuals still need to drive to work and manufacturing firms with long-term contracts still need to run machinery to meet target output. Similarly, an increase in oil price would not stimulate oil supply inRead MoreMonetary Policy Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pagesscarcity and choice, opportunity cost, marginal analysis, microeconomics, macroeconomics, factors of production, production possibilities, law of increasing opportunity cost, economic systems, circular flow model, money, and economic costs and profits all contribute to what is known as the economy. 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African Americans During The War - 1314 Words

In World War One the role that African-Americans had in the war served as a way to show that they are equal citizens and deserved to be treated like anyone else. Even with a country rejecting the blacks they still sought to bleed and risk their lives. The racism that was present during the war was so great and many African-American war efforts were diminished and twisted by whites. Even after all of this blacks were still eager to enlist in war and prove themselves worthy of serving. One may think that this abuse would deter a black man from serving. The African-Americans troops who wanted to serve wanted to prove themselves to their white neighbor even with the prevalent racism the whites showed. African Americans fighting in World War I†¦show more content†¦They viewed the conflict as an opportunity to prove their loyalty, patriotism, and worthiness for equal treatment in the United States (‘Fighting for Respect’). There were serious social, economic, and educ ational disparities between most black and white Americans. Late in 1917, the War Department created two all-black infantry divisions, the 93rd Infantry Division and the 92nd Infantry Division in World War I. Major Arthur Little of 93rd Division said â€Å"There are no American troops anywhere near us. Our great American general simply put the black orphan in a basket, set us on the doorstep of the French, pulled the bell, and went away† (Hanson 111). America was looking for anyway to get away from black troops. By dropping them with the French it meant that they were still in the war and America did not seem prejudice toward blacks. When the first black combat troops arrived in France in December, 1917, there was some controversy as to what to do with them. Once in the hands of the blacks America did not care anymore, for their hands were wiped clean of them. War in France was not bad according to the book â€Å"Freedom Struggles†. The book states â€Å"French soldiers treated them like comrades, giving the first casualty of their unit ‘a hero’s burial’ and expressly thanking black troops for their service† (Lentz-Smith 139). The French did many things for black soldiers that American military leaders would not allow. Giving thanks for their

American Government U S Democracy Free Essays

Democracy is a system of governance whereby power vested on leaders is held by the population and leadership is through an accountable and transparent electoral system that respects the choice of the majority while listening to the views of the minority. The path to democracy has been long and vibrant with stiff obstacles that have had to be evaded or crushed in order for equality and equity to prevail under a democratic system of governance that promotes respect for individual and collective rights and freedoms. A radical shift from hereditary and monarchial leadership was necessary since this unitary holding of power vested too much privilege and power upon an individual leading to abuse due to self interest. We will write a custom essay sample on American Government: U S Democracy or any similar topic only for you Order Now However though democracy is perceived to exist in some regions due to a free electoral system, the process though accountable may bring about individuals who renege on their promises and completely disregard the pillars of democracy leading to a dictatorial regime that is unjust and oppressive and does not respect the will of the masses. There are some countries that have endeavored to be a model of democracy by striving to grant all citizens an equal status and ensuring that a supreme constitution exists on which fundamental rights and freedoms are anchored. This is not to say that the democratic records of these countries are clean. For any monumental success on democracy to be achieved, society must be prevailed upon to discard certain moral and legal evils to ensure that freedom and equal opportunity thrives. On this front it is safe to say that the United States of America is a true democracy whereby all citizens and visitors coexist peacefully and all disregarding race are guaranteed equal rights and freedoms in the pursuit of their dreams and aspirations (Miroff, Seidelman, Swanstrom 2007). The American constitution was formulated on the basis that power must always rest upon the people and so provided that all state and national representatives must be elected by the people through a fair and transparent election. The constitution further sought to limit the terms of office of a certain government to ensure that a regime may not abuse its authority to disregard the will of the people in order to selfishly retain power. A democracy is characterized by a view for fair representation and a prudent understanding that a separation of power is important to prevent a conflict of interest that might contravene the intentions of a true democracy. Where such separations do not exist or where those divisions are superficial, rule of law becomes geared toward promoting the will of the ruling minority and justice becomes fleeting since there usually results in a breach of the rights and freedoms of the populace. In this respect it becomes important to have three important branches of government whose mandate is clear and there exists clear guidelines on the powers vested upon each arm of government. In any democracy there should be a legislative arm whose mandate comes directly from the people and their primary role the formulation of law to act as a basis for unity, growth and oversight. Secondly a judicial system that is impartial and independent for the proper dispensing of justice and the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Lastly an executive is important to represent the sovereignty of a nation and lead the process of protecting the people and service provision. The United States of America has come a long way to reach democratic maturity. This process was full of radical actions by people like Martin Luther who felt that racial segregation was uncharacteristic of a democratic nation. The civil movements of the 60 have brought equality that was important to propel the nation to great social, economic, political and military dominance. Further more women lobby groups that relentlessly advocated for gender equality saw the broadening of democratic space and women have continued to reach influential political and business positions and prospects are there on the possibility of a woman president in the country. Critics to this notion would need to be reminded that a few decades ago the prospect of a black president would have been unimaginable but 2008 brought a new dawn in American politics and democracy in general with the election of Obama as president. This is a result of a fair and accountable electoral system that ensures that the choice of the American people is respected. Miroff, Seidelman, Swanstrom (2007) adds that the United States continues to ensure that individual rights and freedoms are respected and several bills have been passed by congress to ensure that . Some include the freedom of movement, information, privacy and expression. A robust security system continues to safeguard the rights of citizens to be protected from harm with strict laws enforced to protect property both tangible and intellectual. American government consists of the national federal government and the state governments. While these states are subject to national legislation by congress, they however retain the power to make decisions that are of interest to these states on issues ranging from education, health, security and the administration of justice. National government consists of an executive, congress and the judiciary. The power of the executive is vested upon the president who may delegate such powers to the vice president and his cabinet for the smooth execution of government functions. The president is also the commander in chief of the armed forces but is also subject to consult with congress over the deployment of soldiers to wars. The executive can also enter into international treaties with approval form senate. The president is also responsible for signing bills into law and retains to an extent the power to veto certain bills. Executive power in the States is held by an elected governor who is responsible for providing leadership in the state and signing bills into state laws. The most important arm of government is Congress which is granted several powers by the constitution. Congress however works hand in hand with the Senate but the constitution clearly spells out that congress is supreme in law making. Congress has oversight powers over the executive in issues ranging form taxes, military and security, provision of services, providing guidelines to the administration of justice among others. Lastly the last arm of government is the Judiciary whose core function is the administration of justice and the interpretation of the constitution to ensure that law passed by the legislative and executive arms of government do not contravene the constitution. There are federal courts charged with administration of federal laws and state courts subject to state laws. The highest court in the land is the Supreme Court and its decisions are binding upon all subordinate courts whether federal or state. These courts try both criminal and civil cases to bring redress where violations occur. There have been this believes through out American politics that there is a great influence of a small minority of rich individuals in the outcome of American elections and in the way that elected leaders make their decisions. It is widely accepted that these individuals who are the core contributors in campaign funding will choose individuals whom they feel will contribute towards continuing with policies that will benefit their causes and make them wealthier. This greatly contravenes what the American constitution envisioned since it takes the power of the greater masses to decide elections since the choice of candidates in the primaries is greatly influenced by minority rich and influential individuals. Therefore Americans simply endorses one of the fronted candidate who is simply one of the two fronted by two different rich factions and the notion that Americans choose a president is jus a sham. It is my opinion therefore that we need to increase public funding to parties and independent candidates to counter the effect of the rich on Americas politics. It is also important that we see an entrance of more parties to give Americans more choice during elections to improve democracy. References Miroff, B. , Seidelman, R. , Swanstrom, T. (2007). The Democratic Debate: An Introduction to American Politics. 4th. ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin. How to cite American Government: U S Democracy, Papers

Taiwan S 2Nd Democratic Presidential Election Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Introduction: On Saturday, March 18, 2000, electors will travel to 13,457 ballot booths in the free country of the Republic of China that is Taiwan. Four old ages after their democratic presidential election and with their island s hereafter still unsure, electors in Taiwan will be taking a replacement to current leader Lee Teng-hui. The five presidential campaigners are independent James Soong, the Kuomintang s ( KMT ) Lien Chang, the New Party s Lee Ao, independent Hsu Hsin-liang and the Democratic Progressive Party s ( DPP ) Chen Shui-bian ( Fig.1 ) . But as Taiwan s people prepare to take merely their 2nd popularly elected president and possibly reassign Taiwan s leading to a new party for the first clip in 51 old ages. The three taking campaigners ( Lien Chan, Chen Shui-bian, and James Soong ) have been subdues, their rhetoric mild, and the tone tentative and cautious. The ground is China, 90 stat mis off across the Taiwan Strait ( Fig 2 ) . When the Communists took control of China in 1949, the Patriots under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, where they established the Republic of China as a authorities in expatriate and imposed soldierly jurisprudence. China has considered Taiwan a renegade state of all time since and has threatened to utilize force to convey about reunion. Four old ages ago, as Taiwan prepared for its first-ever direct presidential election, China rattled its bantam neighbour and brought U.S. war vessels to the scene by carry oning missile trials in the Taiwan Strait. On February 21, 2000, less than a month before Taiwan s election on March 18, the Chinese struck once more. This clip they announced that foot-dragging on reunion had been added tot he list of things international tampering or a declaration of independency are the others that would trip an onslaught on Taiwan. There are other issues in this twelvemonth s election including corruptness and election, including corruptness and run finance reform, but the issue known as cross-strait relation is far and off the most of import. History of Political Parties in Taiwan: There has been a long history of election in Taiwan. But the democratic reforms in Taiwan have been garnering impulse over the last decennary. Ever since stairss were foremost taken to liberalise and spread out the political procedure, each election has carried political relations on Taiwan stopping points to the end of full democracy. The political parties of the Republic of China are the Kuomintang, Democratic Progressive Party, and the New Party. The Kuamintang ( Nationalist Party ) is the current opinion party of the Republic of China. Having to observe its one hundredth day of remembrance on November 24, 1994, the KMT has widespread entreaty, touting a rank of about 2.1 million. The party was founded as a radical conference dedicated to subverting the Chinese monarchy in 1912 when its leader Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China after the prostration of the Qing ( Ching ) dynasty. Following Sun s decease in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek assumed control of the KMT and in coaction with the Communists consolidated the authoritiess power throughout China. In 1927, nevertheless, Chiang turned on the Communists, launched and killed 1000s and crushed Communists organized labour brotherhoods, therefore get downing a long annihilating civil war. In the late 1930s the KMT and the Communists reunited to contend the Nipponeses but merely for the continuance of World War II, and in 1945 they were once more contending each other for control of China. After enduring a series of lickings at the custodies of the Communists, Chiang and his Patriots forces fled to Taiwan in 1949. The Kuomintang has maintained a practical monopoly of power on the island of all time sine, keeping about all legislative, executive, and judicial stations. Over the past decennary, nevertheless, it has seen some of its power eroded by the resistance Democratic Progressive Party. The Democratic Progressive Party, formed on Sept. 28, 1986, now has about 200,000 members. The Party s organisational construction closely resembles that of the Kuomintang. The party was established chiefly by household members and defence attorneies of captive dissenters, the DPP became the first political party to dispute the Kuomintang s decennaries long clasp on power. The DPP rapidly support from cultural Taiwanese frustrated by the autocratic regulation of the Kuomintang, whose stalwarts and leaders had fle d from mainland China in 1949 following their ground forces s defence by the Chinese Communists. In its charter the DPP promotes keeping a referendum on independency from China and opposes the Kuomintang s one China s policy. DPP presidential campaigner Chen Shui-bian has pledged, nevertheless, that if elected he will non declare independency for Taiwan unless China invades. The New Party was established in August 1993, shortly before the Kuomintang s 14th National Congress, a group of KMT Young Turks including six legislative Yuan members and one former lawgiver broke off from the party to set up the New Party. The New Party differs from the KMT and the DPP in organisational construction, emphasizing the leading of those keeping public office. At the caput of the party is the National Campaign and Development Committee. The convener of the commission, a place presently filled by Lee-Chian-hua, serves as the leader of the party. In August 1999, the party took about everyone by surprise by put uping the celebrated author Li Ao as its presidential campaigner for the 2000 presidential election. Campaigners Campaign Issues for Three Presidential: Conventional wisdom holds that each of the three major presidential campaigners enjoys certain noteworthy advantages. Former Taiwan Governor James Soong is regarded as the most magnetic. Official Kuomingtang candidate Vice President Lien Chan is backed by his portion s amazing resources. Former Taipei Mayor Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party has a repute for action and dynamism. James Soon s Proposal: James Soon, independent was one time a prima figure in the opinion Kuomintang ( KMT ) , or Nationalist Party. Soong split with the party in November 1999 when he launched his ain run for president. He challenged the KMT s campaigner, Vice President Lien Chan. Soong, one time the director-general of Taiwan s Government Information Office and subsequently pull offing manager for two of Taiwan s countrywide broadcast telecasting web, has sought to distance himself from the policies of the KMT in recent months. More late, from 1993 to 1998, he was governor of Taiwan Province. He has proposed a 30 twelvemonth non-aggression treaty with Beijing. That would be followed by a 20- twelvemonth quasi-international agreement between Taiwan and mainland China modeled after the European Union, after which referendum would be held on independency. Soon has besides proposed naming on all-party conference to construct a national consenous on stairss to take in bettering dealingss with China. Soong enj oyed a lead in the polls until late Feb. , when the KMT filed a case avering Soong of defalcating $ 12 million from the party leader. Soong denied the accusal. James Soong s Position: ( Fig.3 ) Soong has suggested that Taiwan and China engage in a quasi-international relationship similar to the European brotherhood, but China is non interested. Although he was born in China and has supported reunion in the long term, Soong besides has recommended that Taiwan arm itself with pigboats that could establish work stoppages at China s airdromes and seaports. Popular, magnetic and at one clip an effectual provincial governor, Soong has led the polls throughout much of the run. He has besides been the focal point of another issue: corruptness. When the KMT failed to do him its presidential campaigner, Soong bolted the party and began runing as an independent. Stung by his disloyalty, Lien and Lee have likened Soong to Adof Hitler and Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos. They besides accused him of defalcating $ 11.7 million I n the party financess. Meanwhile, Democratic Progressive Party campaigner Chen Shui-bian has accused the KMT of black gold ( literally term: graft and mobster ) politics- utilizing its concerns ( from petrochemical to karaoke bars ; assets of $ 3.8 billion ) to act upon local political relations, concern and even organized offense. But Soong has denied the charges several times. He says the money came from political parts and that he was entrusted by President Lee to transport out party undertakings. Among the undertakings, Soong says, was back uping the household of the late Chiang Ching-kuo Chiang Lai-shek s boy and successor- who regulations Taiwan when it was under soldierly jurisprudence. Soong has offered to refund the KMT more than $ 8 million, but the party has refused to accept the money. After the charges were leveled in late 1999, Soong s popularity dipped significantly. Even so, the latest polls show he still enjoys a little lead over Chen. Lien Chan s Proposal and Position: ( Fig.4 ) Lien Chan, Kuomintang ( Nationalist Party ) is the handpicked replacement of President Lee Teng-hui and is the hope of the opinion Kuomintang, or the Nationalist Party, to cleaving to its 50- twelvemonth hold- on power. Lien, who was premier under Lee from 1993 to 1997, has besides served as governor of Taiwan Province, foreign personal businesss curate and curate of transit and communicating. Lien has pledged to better contacts with China and says he favors opening direst trade and postal and air links with the chief land. He besides promises to force for regular acmes between the two sides. Lien culls, nevertheless, the Beijing authorities s one state, two systems theoretical account for reunion under which Hong Kong and Macau reverted to Chinese regulation in 19997 and 1999. He endorses President Lee s policy of demanding an equal state-to-state relationship with China, a position that has enraged the Beijing authorities. Lien is crusty, distant, and stiff, and trails Soong and Ch en in the sentiment polls. Although he could be expected to go on Lee s policies, he has non repeated Lee s state-to-state comment and has suggested a peace zone in the Taiwan Straight. He has besides recommended Taiwan expand its defence capablenesss by developing long-range missiles. Lien says the Beijing has to confront the world and work together to work out solutions. Beijing has to confront the world and work together to work out solutions. Taiwan is merely naming attending to the world of the two sides bring governed over the past 50 old ages. Chen Shui-bian s Proposal and Position: ( Fig.5 ) Chen Shui-bian, Democratic Progressive Party is known for his protagonism of independency. Chen late softened his patriot run talk and now promotes constructing closer path ties with chief land China. Chen would neither declare independency nor alter the official name of Taiwan-unless it was invaded. He promises he will non convey Taiwan to the threshold of war. Like fellow presidential rival Lien Chan, Chen supports set uping transporting links with China and perchance later raising limitations on direct flights tot he mainland. He says he would see leting Taiwan Bankss to open subdivisions in China. He would take to restart cross-strait dialogues and would open to discoursing the one China policy, so long as it was non pre-condition for duologue. Chen would seek to see China after the presidential election and before his startup if elected. Similarly, he would ask for Chinese leaders to see Taiwan. Chen says that unless China efforts to utilize force, the DPP will neer declare the independency of Taiwan one-sidedly, or even name for a referendum on the issue. He stresses that Taiwan has already become an in dependant, autonomous state, so there is no demand to take up the inquiry of whether Taiwan is independent. As city manager of the capital Taipei from 1994 to 1998, Chen gained a repute of being tough on corruptness. He besides became know for his media stunts, which included surprise visits with Television crews to authorities offices to look for functionaries taking unauthorised yearss off. Once a maritime attorney, Chen made his name supporting political dissenters during Taiwan s soldierly jurisprudence epoch, which ended in 1987. Frustrated by seeing his clients repeatedly convicted by the province, Chen entered political relations as a Taipei City Councilor in 1981 and was elected to the Legislative Yuan or parliament, in 1989. Chen called on all of his protagonists to fall in together and do an historic pick: to alter Taiwan s destiny and root out corruptness from political relations. Decision: The three chief presidential contenders- Vice President Lien Chan, the KMT s campaigner, Democratic Progressive Party s campaigner Chen Shui-bian and independent James Soong have played down whatever differences they might hold with the Communists. Lien Chan would wish to research the possibility of constructing better mainland, set uping what he calls a win-win state of affairs between the two sides. James Soong thinks that Taiwan s cardinal place is that Taiwan want to keep peace and stableness across the Taiwan Strait. Chen Shui-bian provinces that the 1s who can normalise dealingss with the mainland with the mainland are non the parties that have had historical differences with China. The KMT-Communist Party difference still exists. The DPP, on the other manus, has no historical luggage. These three major presidential campaigners are all willing to prosecute peace with China, but they are likely to be restrained by two factors: First, the race is so tight that whoever wins will make so by a little border and will non hold a authorization. The new president will therefore hold to make a cross-party consensus before covering with China. Second, the influence of mass sentiment is such that the new president mus t win the assurance of the people before any dialogues. But meanwhile, the polls say that every bit many as 80 per centum of Taiwan s 22 million people do non desire to reunite with China in the foreseeable hereafter, and for obvious grounds. Bibliography 1 ) Chen-yu Lin, The campaigners go tete-a-tete, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/02/21/print/0000024934 2 ) Chen Lauren, Little Rest for the Ambitious, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/01/17/print/0000020279 3 ) Cheng Allen, The Cause of Black Gold, www.cnn.com/Asianow/asiaweek.ine/2000/0317/nat.4taiwan.kmt.htm1 4 ) Reyes Alejandro and Cheng Allen, Too Close to Name, www.cnn.com/Asianow/asiaweek.magazine/2000/0317/nat.1taiwan.lede.htm1 5 ) Chieh-yu Lin, Chen Announces his Seven Points, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/01/31/print/0000022173 6 ) Ide William A ; Chieh-yu Lin, Candidates Put Spotlight on Social Welfare, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/03/05/print/0000026638 7 ) Sen-lun Yu, Candidates Chase After Labor Vote, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/03/01/print/0000026109 8 ) Yu-Tzu Chiu, Voter for Lien, Avoid War, Campaign Staff Trumpet, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/03/10/print/0000027285 9 ) Chieh-yu Lin, Change History, Says Chen, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/03/12/print/0000027528 10 ) Christensen John, Taiwan picks a president with China in head, www.cnn.com/specials/2000/t election/stories/overview/index.htm1 11 ) Cheng Allen, Taiwan s Democracy Factor, www.cnn.com/Asianow/Asianweek/ma..00/0317/nat.5taiwan.democracy.htm1 12 ) Hwang Annie, New Taiwan Leader May Improve Ties, dailynes.yahoo.com/h/ap/20m/w1/taiwan.opening.to.china.1.htm1 13 ) Lin Oliver, Soong Eyes 50-year China Deal, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/01/06/print/0000018467 14 ) Crook Steven, Five Young People Assess the Presidential Candidates, hypertext transfer protocol: //th.gio.gov.tw/p2000/p02.htm 15 ) Chen Lauren, Soong Hogs China Policy Timelight, www.taipeitimes.com/news/2000/01/03/print/00000180 16 ) Wu-veh Chang, Candidates Need to Debate Mainland Policy, hypertext transfer protocol: //th.gov.tw/p2000/p05.htm 17 ) Election Photo Gallery, hypertext transfer protocol: //th.gio.gov.tw/p2000/man.htm.